Alterações neuroendócrinas e cardiorrespiratórias durante o choque séptico induzido pela ligadura e perfuração cecal (CLP)

Abstract

The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), culminating in septic shock is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care units (ICU). Therefore, the search for a complete understanding of the pathophysiology of SIRS, enabling the development of new therapies, it is still a matter of great interest in the scientific community. Therefore, the aim of the study was to assess cardiorespiratory and neuroendocrine changes, identifying the causes, during experimental septic shock induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). During septic shock induced by CLP there is an increased secretion of vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) in the first 4 hours after CLP surgery compared with a control group (Sham). 6 hours after CLP surgery, the secretion of these hormones decreased to baseline and they remained in basal levelsdespite the fall in blood pressure (BP), resulting in a framework of disability of AVP secretion. Angiotensin (ANG II) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) remained increased during the first 6 hours observed. Treatment with hypertonic saline (HS) (7.5% NaCl , 4 mL / kg), six hours after CLP or Sham, increased in the secretion of OT and ANP and decreased ANG II plasma concentration in CLP and sham groups. The AVP secretion was highest during 10 minutes after application of HS, temporarily restoring BP, however, after 30 minutes, AVP secretion was decreased when compared to Sham, even with increased osmolarity (no difference between sham and CLP). Considering intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) treatment of a nonspecific blocker of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) (L-Name) CLP surgery group, compared to sham group, showed a higher secretion of AVP during the 30 minutes after HS. After a second application of HS, 30 minutes after the first application, no difference in secretion of vasopressin between sham and CLP was observed. These results showed that secretion of AVP is being blocked by the NO synthesis in the experimental septic shock. Treatment with isotonic hydroxyethyl starch (HES 4ml/kg, 8 ml/kg, 16 ml/kg) and hypertonic (Hyper-HES, 4 ml/kg) six hours after CLP caused no significant difference in blood pressure and heart rate (HR). 24 hours after CLP surgery, however, immediately after administration, Hyper-HES promoted an increase in BP for 1 hour and increased secretion of AVP and OT 5 minutes after its application. The administration of HES did not increase BP immediately after its application and did not alter the secretion of AVP and OT.Only the dose of 16 ml/kg caused an increase on OT secretion. . Using pretreatment with AVP antagonist (V1), but not OT antagonist, it was observed no increase on BP after administration of Hyper-HES, suggesting that only hypertonic solutions (crystalloid or colloid) were effective in restoring blood pressure during septic shock by increasing the secretion of AVP. 24 hours after CLP surgery it was observed a decrease in BP and no change in HR compared to Sham. At this same time, it was observed an attenuation of baroreflex and chemoreflex responses and a smaller number of neurons positive for cFOs after intermittent chemoreflex activation when compared with Sham group, which persists even restoring BP. Pretreatment with L-Name and Aminoguanidine (Ag, specific blocker of induced NOS) promoted an attenuation of the chemoreflex response deficit. Moreover, treatment with Ag promoted attenuation of the fall in the number of neurons positive for cFos after intermittent chemoreflex activation, suggesting the involvement of NO in chemoreflex response deficit during experimental septic shock.