Potencial socioambiental do conversor de torque (caixa de marchas) na eficiência energética de veículos elétricos

Abstract

The global automotive industry continuously seeks to meet emissions standards for pollutants through various engineering technologies aimed at energy efficiency. Several manufacturers are moving towards the electrification of propulsion, either fully electric or combined, as in hybrid models that feature both types of propulsion: electric motors (EM) and internal combustion engines (ICE). In this context of energy efficiency, this study is dedicated to electric propulsion and aims to investigate the battery consumption of a custom-adapted electric tricycle designed for data collection. The motivation stems from the fact that most electric vehicles (EVs) do not have a gearbox, as they adopt simpler transmissions with gear ratios similar to a direct 1:1 ratio. This raises the question: Would the inclusion of a gearbox affect the efficiency of an EV? While the idea of installing a gearbox in a factory-made EV to measure its efficiency is impractical, constructing an electric tricycle is feasible due to the ease of adaptations, availability of parts, and components from the realm of electric bikes. This facilitated the assembly of a prototype to begin initial tests.Tests began with bicycle gear scaling, which alters the balance between torque and wheel speed, which are inversely proportional. In other words, in gear ratio multiplication (GRM), the rotational speed of the drive wheel is prioritized, but torque is sacrificed. In gear ratio demultiplication, speed is sacrificed to gain torque. The same principle applies to the gears of an automobile. The terms (multiplied) and (demultiplied) will refer to this phenomenon throughout this study. Subsequently, the behavior of battery consumption with varying torque and speed balances was evaluated using a gear system originally used in bicycles. From this implementations the planning of the tricycle construction, types of tests, consultations in technical literature, and bibliographic searches that support the object of this study began: Increasing the efficiency of the electromechanical set of the tricycle.