Soluções baseadas na natureza para cidades brasileiras: a rede urbana nos biomas e as mudanças climáticas

Abstract

Climate change brings new challenges to mankind humanity and it is on cities, whereantrophic changes are more intense, that synergic effects become multiplied. Thiswork propose the study of nature based solutions in cities and its applicabilityonthecountry towards to the urban net and biome, unity for the study of climatechange. To find this objective the urban net of the biome and its transit zones werestudiedand also visits were maiden at one urban center of each biome, and the Atlantic Forest were subdivided in south and north part. The cities visited were Boa Vista (AM), for Amazonia, Petrolina (PE) and Juazeiro (BA) for Caatinga, Campo Grande(MS) for Cerrado, Florianópolis (SC) for Atlantic Forest southern, Aracaju(SE) for the Atlantic Forest northern Coast, Pelotas (RS) for the Pampa and CorumbáandLadário for Pantanal. These nature-based solutions researched most usedwereraingardens and recover parts of the areas of preservation of urban water bodies, butthey do not take into account the complexity of the Brazilian cities and their climaticand environmental characteristics. These solutions for temporary retentionfor the purposes of auxiliary drainage in urban areas are not very efficient for near by rivers with large swings in dry and wet periods, but are effective for extreme rain events in current periods, as long as they are used on large scale. It is urgent to implement dense urban forests with ecological corridors connecting green areas to soften the increasing temperatures. The environmental and climatic characteristics of the biomes need targeted nature-based solutions. For the Amazon, it is necessary to adapt to the landscaping of river banks and for dry and wet lands. For Caatinga,urban forests and water management to alleviate desertification For the Brazilian Cerrado, solutions for extreme events, as well as for the Southern Atlantic Forest,and the northern part of this biome requires soil care due to the wide areas of dunes and sand banks. Pampa requires special solutions for water and Pantanal for high temperatures. The use of water in the urban environment needs to be encouraged,as a thermal regulator and scenic element, composing green areas and squares and also flooded gardens creating new conservation areas. The use of vegetation adapted to the biome and urban climate is essential for the success of these measures and lianas, epiphytes and vertical gardens are a way to increase urban greenery in areas with little or few spaces. Urban solutions such as parking at 45 degrees and the use of an alternative element to asphalt in areas intended for parking are some that can expand spaces for urban greenery. All cities visited have vulnerabilities and fragilities were nature-based solutions can be apllied.